Vox: All Posts by Libby Nelsonhttps://cdn.vox-cdn.com/community_logos/52517/voxv.png2023-10-16T06:05:22-04:00https://www.vox.com/authors/libby-nelson/rss2023-10-16T06:05:22-04:002023-10-16T06:05:22-04:00The Vox guide to open enrollment
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<figcaption>Sebastian König for Vox</figcaption>
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<p>Every year, picking a health plan is a frustrating guessing game. Here’s how to navigate your choices — and understand the system that built them.</p> <p id="s8IdqG">It’s time for one of the most confusing, frustrating rituals of the year: <a href="https://www.vox.com/health-care" data-source="encore">health care</a> open enrollment. Over the coming weeks and months, people across the country will consider questions that we try to avoid the other 11 months of the year: Is it better to have a high premium and a low deductible, or the other way around? How are you supposed to guess how much money to put in a flexible spending account? Does dental insurance actually, you know, do anything? Please remind me, what is “coinsurance” again? </p>
<p id="eduKpg">The whole annual ordeal raises a bigger question, too: Why is all of this so complicated?</p>
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<p id="C54lp8">It turns out that understanding open enrollment goes a long way to helping understand the convoluted American health insurance system. The choices you face at this time of year about next year’s insurance plans are the result of quirks in the tax code and accidents of history. Nobody would build a health care system this way on purpose. But it’s the one that, for now, we’re stuck with. We hope these stories help you navigate the choices you face — while helping you understand why they exist in the first place.</p>
<p id="EI3bYe"><em>— Libby Nelson</em></p>
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<p id="Iarr4B"><small><em><strong>Editorial Lead: </strong></em></small><small><em>Libby Nelson | </em></small><small><em><strong>Editors:</strong></em></small><small><em> Meredith Haggerty, Alanna Okun | </em></small><small><em><strong>Reporters: </strong></em></small><small><em>Dylan Scott, Emily Stewart, Allie Volpe | </em></small><small><em><strong>Style & Standards: </strong></em></small><small><em>Tanya Pai, Caity PenzeyMoog, Kim Eggleston, Elizabeth Crane, Sarah Schweppe, Anouck Dussaud | </em></small><small><em><strong>Art Director: </strong></em></small><small><em>Paige Vickers | </em></small><small><em><strong>Illustrator: </strong></em></small><small><em>Sebastian König | </em></small><small><em><strong>Audio:</strong></em></small><small><em> A. Hall, Jonquilyn Hill, Sofi LaLonde | </em></small><small><em><strong>Audience Lead:</strong></em></small><small><em> Shira Tarlo | </em></small><small><em><strong>Managing Editors: </strong></em></small><small><em>Natalie Jennings, Nisha Chittal | </em></small><small><em><strong>Special Thanks: </strong></em></small><small><em>Blair Hickman, Andrew Losowsky, Sam Hankins, Amani Orr</em></small></p>
https://www.vox.com/23914351/health-insurance-plans-open-enrollment-guide-obamacare-medicare-dentalVox Staff2022-08-31T09:00:00-04:002022-08-31T09:00:00-04:00The “fairness” debate over student loan forgiveness, explained
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<img alt="Protesters in front of the White House in Washington, DC, carry signs that read, “Cancel student debt.”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/wmpb7Gk9RZbhy_TyfJsSyL26dNE=/447x0:7604x5368/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71306479/1417997644.0.jpg" />
<figcaption>Student loan borrowers staged a rally on August 25 in front of the White House to celebrate President Biden canceling student debt and to begin the fight to cancel any remaining debt. | Paul Morigi/Getty Images for We the 45m</figcaption>
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<p>Why economists are fighting over whether canceling debt is a good idea.</p> <p id="mATIXd">For many of the 43 million Americans with federal student loan debt, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/8/24/23319967/student-loan-payments-debt-forgiveness-biden">President Joe Biden’s plan to forgive up to $20,000 in debt</a> is unequivocally good news.</p>
<p id="N7IJa6">But in the days since the policy was announced, it has also led to pushback, debate, and controversy — arguments that are likely to be studied for months and adjudicated by researchers for years, if not decades.</p>
<p id="ijmqLj">There are two leading — and overlapping — criticisms of the loan forgiveness plan. One question is whether debt forgiveness is the right thing to do. It asks whether forgiving student loans is the best way to spend an estimated <a href="https://www.crfb.org/blogs/new-student-debt-changes-will-cost-half-trillion-dollars">$500 billion</a>, given that some, though not all, of those who benefit have college degrees and relatively high household incomes.</p>
<p id="ppX5dO">The other is about whether debt forgiveness is the right thing to do right now. If households freed from the burdens of their debts spend more money, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/8/25/23320825/student-loan-debt-forgiveness-inflation">it could drive inflation higher</a> — meaning that the consequences of loan forgiveness would be borne by everyone, and soon. To dampen inflation, the Federal Reserve is <a href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/fed-officials-see-us-interest-rates-rising-further-2022-08-30/">actively trying</a> to get consumers to spend less.</p>
<p id="202v9F">It’s unsurprising that Biden’s political opponents have raised these concerns. But the criticism has also extended to some economists who have served in previous Democratic administrations or consider themselves sympathetic to Biden’s goals. “Pouring roughly half trillion dollars of gasoline on the inflationary fire that is already burning is reckless,” Jason Furman, President Barack Obama’s chief economist, <a href="https://twitter.com/jasonfurman/status/1562503985529233410">tweeted</a> when Biden’s plan was announced. </p>
<p id="qIOaX9"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/opinion/student-loan-debt-relief-biden.html">Not all economists agree with Furman’s view</a>. But the fact that the inflation debate is happening at all is a sign of how broader economic trends have shifted. </p>
<p id="yhKUbn">The push for student debt forgiveness was born a decade ago in the depths of the Great Recession, when even college graduates struggled to find work. Inflation was low and falling. It’s become reality under very different economic circumstances, and that shift is part of what’s fueling the current debate.</p>
<h3 id="5aFyHX">The first debate: Is loan forgiveness the right thing to do?</h3>
<p id="hSBHrt">The Biden administration crafted its student debt forgiveness proposal in an attempt to avoid benefiting the wealthiest families. To be eligible for $10,000 in loan forgiveness, student debtors must have earned <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/8/24/23319967/student-loan-payments-debt-forgiveness-biden">less than $125,000</a> (or $250,000 for a married couple) in the 2020 or 2021 tax years. </p>
<p id="YPP46b">Students who receive Pell Grants to attend college — meaning they came from low-income families, overwhelmingly earning less than the median household income in the United States — are eligible for an additional $10,000 in debt relief. This is an extra boost for those who started higher education without the safety net of intergenerational wealth.</p>
<p id="uzfcFr">The proposal would entirely wipe out student debt for 20 million people — nearly half of the 43 million Americans who borrowed to pay for college and are still paying the loans back. An analysis from the Education Department <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/24/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-student-loan-relief-for-borrowers-who-need-it-most/">found that almost 90 percent</a> of the benefits would go to people earning less than $75,000 per year, though because any loans taken out before July 2022 are eligible for forgiveness, that figure includes current students and very recent graduates whose salaries could rise in the near future.</p>
<p id="rkdQs6">The reaction from Biden’s opponents has been to call forgiveness unfair, both to those who didn’t attend college and to those who already paid off their loans. </p>
<p id="ky42fw">Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, who would have perhaps the most to gain from a political backlash to the program, called the idea “a slap in the face to every family who sacrificed to save for college, every graduate who paid their debt, and every American who chose a certain career path or volunteered to serve in our Armed Forces in order to avoid taking on debt.”</p>
<p id="vz7K0l">This attitude is in line with how policymakers in the United States have typically viewed higher education. The federal government helps some students from poor families by offering Pell Grants that don’t have to be paid back, although the grant, which tops out at just under $7,000, means the <a href="https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/2019489rev.pdf">majority of recipients still need loans</a>. But the bulk of federal financial aid to students comes in the form of loans.</p>
<p id="NjTzCl">The American system of higher education finance is based on the idea that a college degree primarily benefits the individual who earns it.<strong> </strong>The federal government issues a small leg up by offering loans at a cheaper rate than a private bank would offer to an 18-year-old with no credit history or a young adult trying to support a family while earning a degree. (The current rate on an undergraduate student loan is just <a href="https://studentaid.gov/help-center/answers/article/what-is-current-interest-rate-for-direct-unsubsidized-loans">under 5 percent</a>, compared to <a href="https://www.bankrate.com/loans/student-loans/private-student-loans/">up to 14 percent</a> from a private lender.) </p>
<p id="KXBKfO">A few assumptions underlie all of this: that most student loan borrowers are young people working toward bachelor’s degrees, that they will graduate, and that the degree will help them earn back more than enough to pay their debts. Hence the pushback against loan forgiveness: Why help out a 20-something who majored in philosophy at an expensive private college, instead of the 50-year-old next door with no degree at all?</p>
<p id="fRL1L5">But those assumptions are no longer always true. Biden’s plan is intended to fit the reality of the student loan program as it exists today. The lines between those who will benefit from debt forgiveness and those who are left on the sidelines are blurrier than blue-collar versus white-collar, working-class versus middle-class, old versus young. </p>
<p id="GINWrx">One in five people with outstanding student loans is <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/us-journal/the-aging-student-debtors-of-america">over age 50</a>, some of whom likely borrowed on their own behalf (including those who pursued graduate degrees) and some of whom took out loans to pay for their children’s education. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/11/upshot/new-data-gives-clearer-picture-of-student-debt.html">Many student debtors</a> are no longer young adults starting at a four-year college; they’re older and more likely to attend a community college or for-profit program. An <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/01/your-money/student-loan-debt-degree.html">analysis</a> by Mark Huelsman, director of policy and advocacy at the Hope Center for College, Community and Justice at Temple University, found that almost 40 percent of those who entered college in the 2011-12 school year and took on student debt never earned a credential.</p>
<p id="aOMC2V">Forgiveness will be especially helpful to those in default — the terrifying Upside Down of the financial aid system, where, after at least 9 months of missed payments, the Education Department can garnish wages and even Social Security checks in order to get its money back. The typical defaulter did not graduate and <a href="https://www.americanprogress.org/article/student-loan-defaulters/">owes just under $10,000</a>. </p>
<p id="9GILLi">There are other versions of the fairness argument circulating. One holds that forgiveness is unfair to those who borrowed but paid off their debts — an argument that could be raised against any social program on behalf of those who were born too early to benefit from it. </p>
<p id="3pQnFs">The <a href="https://twitter.com/jmhorp/status/1563164939803848712">counterpoint</a> to these critiques is that critics are holding student debt forgiveness to a fairness standard applied to few other government programs or benefits. Forgiveness could be life-changing for millions of people, especially those struggling with default, the argument goes, while hurting no one.</p>
<p id="peY3n4">Which is where the other part of the critiques come in.</p>
<h3 id="P46Gyj">Is it the right thing to do right now?</h3>
<p id="2jkKUW">The student debt forgiveness movement emerged about a decade ago from the crucible of the Great Recession. Students were borrowing more than ever to pay for college and, amid the cratering economy, were struggling to find jobs that would help them pay their loans back. </p>
<p id="Hfx68a">In 2012, the <a href="https://www.bls.gov/charts/employment-situation/unemployment-rates-for-persons-25-years-and-older-by-educational-attainment.htm">unemployment rate</a> for bachelor’s degree holders was around 4.5 percent, and nearly 8 percent for college dropouts and those with two-year degrees. Interest rates were low. A prominent argument against student debt for the next eight years was that it was slowing down the economy: Young adults burdened by debt were being held back from buying homes, starting businesses, and spending money.</p>
<p id="DWArQx">Few could foresee that by the time forgiveness became a reality, unemployment for bachelor’s degree recipients would have halved, interest rates would have more than doubled, and inflation would be the overriding economic concern. Even in 2019, when loan forgiveness became a serious issue in a Democratic primary campaign for the first time, inflation was rarely mentioned; by the 2020 election, with the economy contracting from the shock of the coronavirus pandemic, student debt forgiveness seemed to have a plausible path to becoming reality as a form of stimulus.</p>
<p id="DLb2Gh">In the past year, though, things have changed. With consumer prices up <a href="https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm">8.5 percent</a> over a year ago, some economists now argue that debt cancellation is too big a risk. The concern is that, freed from loan debt or facing reduced payments, student borrowers will spend more at a time when the Federal Reserve is trying its best to get Americans to spend less and cool down the economy. </p>
<p id="EVt6Yw">How much of an effect this will have — if it has one at all — is the subject of further debate.</p>
<p id="ttFSNN">The federal government paused repayment on most student loans during the pandemic, so millions of borrowers have not had to make a payment on their student loans in two years. The majority of student loan debtors will need to return to making some kind of payment in January, when the pause expires, even if it’s less than they would have had to pay before forgiveness.</p>
<p id="HutWJ9">The student loan pause was always supposed to end eventually, and it will in January. But for the past two years, the moratorium was extended multiple times, leading to an unusual situation: tens of millions of people owed student debt but didn’t have to make any payments.</p>
<p id="xuiJEk">Now, this situation is at the heart of the debate over inflation. When economists warn that student debt will drive up prices for everyone, what are they comparing it to? The current situation, where no one is making payments at all?</p>
<p id="JFzHwa">An analysis by Goldman Sachs economists <a href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/goldman-sachs-has-run-the-numbers-on-student-loan-relief-heres-their-assessment-11661417918">found</a> that the impact of forgiveness on inflation is likely to be offset by most borrowers resuming payments when the student loan pause ends in January. People who have had their loans forgiven will continue to pay what they’ve been paying for the past two years (nothing), meaning that their household spending should be unaffected. But people who owed more than Biden could forgive, or who earned too much to qualify for forgiveness, will have to resume making payments after two years of not doing so, meaning they’ll actually have less money to spend on everything else.</p>
<p id="donjCZ">Or is the proper comparison an alternate path, where Biden allowed payments to resume for all loans, meaning that more people would owe more money per month than they will under the new plan?</p>
<p id="sq1lRz">Furman <a href="https://twitter.com/jasonfurman/status/1562830721252614144">estimated</a> that the loan forgiveness plan, even with the resumption of payments for most borrowers in January, could drive up inflation by 0.2 to 0.3 percentage points, compared to the alternative of resuming payments for everyone at their existing debt loads. If inflation continues to rise, prices will become more expensive for all households, meaning that American consumers broadly would pay for the consequences of debt forgiveness.</p>
<p id="Fv2Hlw">Ultimately, this argument about inflation is also tied up with the concerns about fairness. If student debt forgiveness drives inflation slightly higher, is that worth it?</p>
<p id="NN36ak">Critics argue that it is not: “Student loan debt relief is spending that raises demand and increases inflation,” former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers tweeted last week. “It consumes resources that could be better used helping those who did not, for whatever reason, have the chance to attend college. It will also tend to be inflationary by raising tuitions.”</p>
<p id="997is6">But that position is not universal. “I am not in favor of framing student-loan policy as a lever for managing inflation,” Sue Dynarski, a Harvard professor, an expert on higher education finance, and a former forgiveness skeptic, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/opinion/student-loan-debt-relief-biden.html">wrote in the New York Times</a> on Tuesday. “Eliminating food subsidies for poor families — SNAP, as the food stamp program is known today — would definitely slow the economy, but that doesn’t mean we should do it.” </p>
<h3 id="zvdRay">Where do we go from here?</h3>
<p id="XvXJdZ">One thing virtually all sides of the debate agree on is that one-time forgiveness is not enough. It is, by design, a one-off — siblings from the same family who graduate from college a few years apart, having borrowed the same amount to pay for it, could end up with debt loads that differ by thousands of dollars.</p>
<p id="v55AAy">The Biden administration is hoping to make income-based student loan repayment more generous, <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/24/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-student-loan-relief-for-borrowers-who-need-it-most/">outlining changes</a> that would require borrowers to pay 5 percent of discretionary income per month (down from 10 percent in the current program).</p>
<p id="neRueU">But there is currently no federal plan to actually make college cheaper for students, to reduce borrowing, or to hold colleges accountable for whether students can pay off their loans. That’s not for lack of ideas or for lack of trying. The Obama administration proposed rating colleges based on the “value” they provide to students, an attempt that ultimately went nowhere. </p>
<p id="QT9mA7">In 2016, both Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton called for the federal government to partner with states to make college tuition cheaper. It inspired many of the same debates that loan forgiveness has provoked — should college be subsidized for everyone, and if so, by how much? But the “free college” program was ultimately one of the first things dropped from Democrats’ legislative agenda. </p>
<p id="KTc1aO">The scope of Biden’s student debt forgiveness plan might seem radical. But by leaving the ultimate structure of how American higher education is paid for unchanged, it’s actually a less dramatic departure than any of the alternatives. </p>
https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23322129/student-loan-forgiveness-fair-inflationLibby Nelson2020-11-08T14:00:00-05:002020-11-08T14:00:00-05:00Jeopardy host Alex Trebek has died after 36 years of hosting the show
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<figcaption>Alex Trebek on the set of Jeopardy in 2012. | Kris Connor/Getty Images</figcaption>
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<p>The show made him a household name. Now it has to go on without him.</p> <p id="nrsJcw">Alex Trebek — the longtime host of <em>Jeopardy </em>who was synonymous with the game to many fans — has died at age 80. The show announced his death in a tweet Sunday afternoon. Trebek announced in March 2019 that he had pancreatic cancer.</p>
<p id="r9VkCy">Trebek said he planned to step down from <em>Jeopardy</em> when his cancer, or the treatment for the disease, began to affect his ability to perform. (His contract was set to run until 2022, according to <a href="https://tvline.com/2020/11/08/alex-trebek-dies-jeopardy-host-dead-pancreatic-cancer/">TVLine</a>.) He never did so, although the year after his diagnosis served as sort of an extended farewell tour — culminating in the “Greatest of All Time” tournament in January 2020, which saw <em>Jeopardy</em> return to prime time for the first time in 30 years. </p>
<p id="8Pob3U">Trebek had planned a farewell message he never got to give, however: In December 2019, he <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/jeopardy-host-alex-trebek-outpouring-support-cancer-battle/story?id=67765903">told ABC News</a> that he knew what he wanted to say during his last episode, whenever it came. He said he’d only need 30 seconds. </p>
<p id="fvFb7Y">“It’ll be a significant moment for me,” he said in that interview. “But I’ve kind of, in my mind, rehearsed it already, and what I would do on that day is tell the director, ‘Time the show down to leave me 30 seconds at the end. That’s all I want.’ And I will say my goodbyes and I will tell people, ‘Don’t ask me who’s going to replace me because I have no say whatsoever. But I’m sure that if you give them the same love and attention and respect that you have shown me ... then they will be a success and the show will continue being a success. And until we meet again, God bless you and goodbye.”</p>
<h3 id="lKhNSM">Alex Trebek is synonymous with the show that made him a household name</h3>
<p id="E8ab7j">Over his 36 years at <em>Jeopardy</em>, Trebek hosted more than 8,000 episodes. While he stood at the lectern, crisply reading off categories like “State Capitals” and “Potent Potables” and hailing the Daily Double, six American presidents passed through the Oval Office (and one more was elected). </p>
<p id="cf1FkK">An unofficial archive of <em>Jeopardy</em> history lives on YouTube, where candidates through the years have uploaded their episodes, many preserving the ads and local-news teasers that bookended the show. And these time capsules are helpful in understanding the show’s lasting appeal. Everything looks different now. But the show has hardly changed at all.</p>
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<cite>Eric McCandless/ABC/Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>Trebek congratulates Jeopardy’s “Greatest of All Time” winner Ken Jennings, alongside contestants Brad Rutter and James Holzhauer.</figcaption>
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<p id="UMXtJx">As far as fans are concerned, Trebek was <em>Jeopardy.</em> He had hosted other, mostly short-lived, game shows in the US, as well as in Canada, where he was born. (The AV Club’s Noel Murray, who <a href="https://tv.avclub.com/the-evolution-of-alex-trebek-1798215578">outlined Trebek’s pre-<em>Jeopardy</em> career in 2009</a>, points out that the pre-<em>Jeopardy </em>Trebek was “almost 180 degrees removed from the kind of host he is now.”) But during his time at the <em>Jeopardy</em> podium, giving questions in the form of answers and correcting answers in the form of questions, he made the show into a beloved cultural icon — while making himself into one as well. </p>
<p id="NOIrvl">He did this without ever really taking center stage. Trebek appeared on TVs in the United States and around the world, night after night, without ever talking much about himself or his own life. “You have to set your ego aside,” <a href="https://www.vulture.com/2018/11/alex-trebek-jeopardy-in-conversation.html">he told New York magazine in 2018</a>. “The stars of the show are the contestants and the game itself. That’s why I’ve always insisted that I be introduced as the host and not the star.”</p>
<p id="0nvAFp">Still, millions, maybe billions, of people felt they knew him all the same. In 2013, Trebek ranked above then-President Barack Obama on a <a href="https://nation.com.pk/11-May-2013/tom-hanks-is-most-trusted-person">Readers’ Digest poll</a> of Americans’ most trusted people. But perhaps no recent moment better sums up <em>Jeopardy</em>’s impact — and its longevity — than the conversation Trebek had with a winning contestant, Burt Thakur, on Thursday. </p>
<p id="pxgFTl">Trebek asked Thakur, who had won just over $20,000, if he had family members rooting for him. In response, Thakur told Trebek about watching the show from his grandfather’s lap. </p>
<p id="wNrCIQ">“I learned English because of you,” <a href="https://twitter.com/jeopardy/status/1324562151718051840?s=21">Thakur told the host</a>.</p>
<p id="5ORbcG">It’s not yet clear who will replace Trebek at the helm of <em>Jeopardy</em>. Episodes he taped will continue airing <a href="https://abc7news.com/entertainment/jeopardy-host-alex-trebek-dies-at-80/7769962/">through Christmas 2020</a>. Trebek’s <a href="https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/alex-trebek-reveals-replace-host-jeopardy-71889573">go-to line</a> was that comedian Betty White (age 98) should replace him because, he said, the network would want “somebody younger, somebody funnier.” </p>
<p id="unxeQQ">But replacing a man who is synonymous with the timeless show he hosted will be a challenge — it will be only the second time the show has really changed (there was one host before Trebek, but that was more than three decades ago). It’s a difficulty illustrated by a 2019 poll from Morning Consult about game shows. The <a href="https://morningconsult.com/2019/07/11/america-was-asked-who-is-the-most-popular-game-show-host/">poll</a> found <em>Jeopardy</em> was the most popular game show in America. And it found that <a href="https://morningconsult.com/2019/07/11/america-was-asked-who-is-the-most-popular-game-show-host/">50 percent of respondents said they couldn’t imagine watching the show</a> without Trebek at the helm. </p>
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https://www.vox.com/2020/11/8/21112177/alex-trebek-jeopardy-diesLibby Nelson2020-09-19T19:35:53-04:002020-09-19T19:35:53-04:00Trump says he will fill Ginsburg’s seat “without delay”
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<img alt="Trump, in a red, white, and blue striped tie and back winter coat, smiles slightly, lit by the setting sun. He raises his right fist; behind him, a large crowd cheers, many holding Trump 2020 signs." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/xTYznULielQjELh8Aofm2snE9wc=/340x0:4340x3000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/67435805/GettyImages_1228583111.0.jpg" />
<figcaption>Trump greets supporters at a rally held the night former Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s death was announced. | Brendan Smialowski/AFP/Getty Images</figcaption>
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<p>He told reporters he expects to nominate a justice — likely a woman — in the next several days.</p> <p id="WIIhKB">President Donald Trump vowed in a tweet Saturday morning to replace Supreme Court Justice <a href="https://www.vox.com/21446222/ruth-bader-ginsburg-death-dead-supreme-court">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, who died Friday, “without delay.”</p>
<p id="WwTxDF">“We were put in this position of power and importance to make decisions for the people who so proudly elected us, the most important of which has long been considered to be the selection of United States Supreme Court Justices,” Trump tweeted. “We have this obligation, without delay!”</p>
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<p lang="en" dir="ltr">.<a href="https://twitter.com/GOP?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@GOP</a> We were put in this position of power and importance to make decisions for the people who so proudly elected us, the most important of which has long been considered to be the selection of United States Supreme Court Justices. We have this obligation, without delay!</p>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) <a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1307321159113936896?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 19, 2020</a>
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<p id="cXr6WG">He later <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2020/09/19/us/live-rbg-death-supreme-court?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage#trump-says-he-expects-to-nominate-a-replacement-for-ginsburg-most-likely-a-woman-next-week">told reporters</a> at the White House he expects to nominate a justice next week, adding that he would likely pick a woman. “The choice of a woman I would say would certainly be appropriate,” he said. He again suggested he would nominate a woman at a <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/09/19/ruth-bader-ginsburg-death/#link-QQIE7CPG4BAMDPTZLR7ZBSY5XM">rally in North Carolina</a> Saturday night.</p>
<p id="fU0OFu">Ginsburg’s death gives Trump the opportunity to cement a <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/9/18/20917757/justice-ginsburg-ruth-bader-ginsburg-dies">six-justice conservative majority on the Supreme Court</a>, a legacy that would far outlast one or two terms in office. <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/9/18/21446243/mitch-mcconnell-ruth-bader-ginsburg-supreme-court-senate-vote">Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell</a> — who refused to hold a vote on a justice to replace Antonin Scalia after Scalia’s death in an election year — has already given his assurance that Trump’s nominee will get a vote.</p>
<p id="an1v4J"><a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/9/19/21446538/obama-statement-ruth-bader-ginsburg-death-rbg">Ginsburg’s dying wish</a>, as told to her granddaughter, was that “I will not be replaced until a new president is installed.” But Trump and Senate Republicans are seemingly determined to push ahead.</p>
<p id="PCxUKH">The question is whether Trump will able to get a justice confirmed if he loses the presidency or control of the Senate on Election Day. And this question has many Republican lawmakers pressing the president to select a new justice quickly.</p>
<p id="s29BZX">To stop a justice from being confirmed, Senate Democrats would need four Republicans to join them in blocking a nominee. And it’s far from certain they will be able to do that, as <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/9/18/21446245/ginsburg-senate-replacement-confirmation-vote">Vox’s Andrew Prokop writes</a>. While some Republican senators, including Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) and Susan Collins (R-ME), are on record as opposing a vote on a hypothetical Supreme Court nominee just before an election, it’s not clear if there are enough of these senators to actually prevent a confirmation:</p>
<blockquote><p id="UNG0fO">A few GOP senators are on the record saying they would oppose filling a Supreme Court vacancy this year. (The question has often been posed given McConnell’s refusal to hold a vote to replace Justice Antonin Scalia after he died in 2016, while Barack Obama was still president.) But, of course, those assurances were given when the question was hypothetical, and it’s far from clear whether these senators will stick to them in the face of what’s certain to be intense pressure from the right.</p></blockquote>
<p id="wLicT1">The United States is in the middle of one of the most consequential presidential elections of our lifetimes. It’s essential that all Americans are able to access clear, concise information on what the potential outcome of the election could mean for their lives, and the lives of their families and communities. That is our mission at Vox. But our distinctive brand of explanatory journalism takes resources. Even when the economy and the news advertising market recovers, your support will be a critical part of sustaining our resource-intensive work. If you have already contributed, thank you. If you haven’t, please consider helping everyone understand this presidential election: <a href="https://www.vox.com/pages/support-now"><strong>Contribute today from as little as $3.</strong></a></p>
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https://www.vox.com/2020/9/19/21446668/ruth-bader-ginsburg-death-replacementLibby Nelson2020-09-19T10:50:00-04:002020-09-19T10:50:00-04:00A spontaneous Supreme Court vigil celebrated Justice Ginsburg’s life and legacy
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<figcaption>The crowd at the Supreme Court mourning Ruth Bader Ginsburg after her death at 87 included men and women of all ages. | Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images</figcaption>
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<p>Hundreds of people gathered on the building’s steps Friday night.</p> <p id="fEoaWE">The Supreme Court was <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/9/18/18178320/ruth-bader-ginsburg-death-supreme-court-rbg">Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s</a> workplace and her battleground. </p>
<p id="loMXqW">It was where, while working as a lawyer in the 1970s, she argued six cases and won five, setting precedents that established women’s equality before the law. It was where she issued her memorable dissents during her 27-year tenure. </p>
<p id="mEcVBO">And on Friday night, after Ginsburg died at the age of 87, it was where at least 1,000 people gathered to mourn the Supreme Court’s second female justice and to celebrate her legacy. </p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A woman in a mask places flowers on the Supreme Court steps, which are covered with bouquets. She, and the mourners next to her, are lit by candles that have been set amid the flowers." data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/HcyhUeGY9wJTZtA24DXZErCtNk4=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/21895496/1273420807.jpg.jpg">
<cite>Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>A mourner places a tribute in front of the Supreme Court to honor Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who died Friday night at the age of 87.</figcaption>
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<p id="bCjCGs">The crowd, which <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crowds-gather-at-supreme-court-to-remember-justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg/2020/09/18/895ee13c-fa18-11ea-be57-d00bb9bc632d_story.html">the Washington Post reported</a> included people of all ages, brought candles, signs, and flowers; they sang songs (“This Land Is Your Land”); they wore masks. Some waved LGBTQ pride flags.</p>
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<img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/2KjZ07_IBygqHslhxo_GTZYSvEg=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/21895460/GettyImages_1228583703.jpg">
<cite>Alex Edelman/AFP via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>Some of the mourners at the Supreme Court on Friday night carried candles to mark Ginsburg’s death.</figcaption>
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<p id="sfwjgp">It was an unusual outpouring of grief for a Supreme Court justice, but Ginsburg occupied an unusual place in American culture — she was not just a hero to many liberal women (and men) for her place in history and her work on the Supreme Court bench, but something of a meme. </p>
<p id="I60Acb">She was, in the words of the moniker bestowed on her by Shana Knizhnik, the “Notorious RBG.” (Knizhnik, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/26/books/review-notorious-rbg-the-life-and-times-of-ruth-bader-ginsburg.html">then a law student</a>, came up with the nickname after Ginsburg read her dissent aloud in <em>Shelby County v. Holder</em>, the case that gutted the Voting Rights Act; it was later the title of a Ginsburg <a href="https://notoriousrbg.tumblr.com/post/132564045816/um-we-made-the-new-york-times-bestseller">biography</a> co-written by Knizhnik and journalist Irin Carmon.)</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Post-it note that says “Notorious Thank You” placed on a brick wall. Out of focus mourners attend to a shrine beneath the note, bright circles of candles light illuminating them." data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Zis7tgy8NEN9narrQEnyOXFyDjw=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/21895471/GettyImages_1228584836.jpg">
<cite>Alex Edelman/AFP via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>Tributes to Ruth Bader Ginsburg, like this one in front of a mural in Washington, DC, referenced her pop culture alter ego, the “Notorious RBG.”</figcaption>
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<p id="xB7CSH">Her face was featured on mugs, magnets, and dishtowels, and her life story was chronicled in a documentary and a feature film. Coronavirus prevention signs in Washington, DC’s Adams Morgan neighborhood pleaded with residents to wear a mask “for RBG.” </p>
<p id="6h76Nc">“In an era when too many American leaders treat human lives as abstractions, the fandom, even at its cheekiest, insisted on the Court’s humanity,” wrote <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2020/09/ruth-bader-ginsburg-pop-culture/616413/">the Atlantic’s Megan Garber</a>. “The personal is political; the memes, like the person they celebrate, insisted that the personal is also judicial.” </p>
<p id="mgIOLa">For Ginsburg’s mourners, her death could not have come at a worse time: in the seventh month of a pandemic that has killed nearly 200,000 Americans, and less than two months before an election that will decide the fate of a presidency she hoped to outlast. She often said that she hoped the president “after this one” would be a “fine president,” according to her <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/18/us/ruth-bader-ginsburg-dead.html">New York Times obituary</a>. Her dying wish, as told to her granddaughter, was that “I will not be replaced until a new president is installed.”</p>
<p id="ows5LC">One mourner Friday night carried a sign that said “Honor Her Wish.”</p>
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<img alt="Mourner at the Supreme Court carries a sign saying “Honor Her Wish” on a white posterboard in bold black letters. The mourner is surrounded by a dense, but masked, crowd on the Supreme Court’s steps." data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/WrpsTIT7HgLnWCIkF1i057z_Sww=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/21895486/AP_20263072926593.jpg">
<cite>Alex Brandon/AP</cite>
<figcaption>A group of masked mourners, some carrying signs, gathers on the steps of the Supreme Court in the hours after Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s death. The sign referenced Ginsburg’s dying wish: that she not be replaced on the Court until a new president has taken office.</figcaption>
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<p id="ImxbBK">Another homemade sign read “when there are nine,” a reference to how Ginsburg answered <a href="https://chicago.suntimes.com/platform/amp/2017/9/12/18331393/justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-over-the-long-haul-i-have-had-it-all">frequent questions</a> about when there would be “enough” women on the Supreme Court. </p>
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<img alt="Woman wearing mask and 2020 T-shirt holds white sign saying “When There Are Nine” in pink marker. Her head is in her hands, and it appears as if she may be crying. She sits on the curb in front of the Court, a loose crowd visible behind her." data-mask-text="false" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Nq9uqMw9XtNRuQ4WR4MZfZpoOXo=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/21895463/GettyImages_1228583667.jpg">
<cite>Alex Edelman/AFP via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>Some mourners at the Supreme Court honored Ginsburg’s famous quotes, including her quip about when there would be enough women on the Supreme Court: “When there are nine.”</figcaption>
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<p id="kP1N2O">The mourners who converged on the Supreme Court Friday night came to honor Ginsburg’s legal legacy, to mourn a personal hero, and — some said — because they simply did not want to be alone in the aftermath of the news.</p>
<p id="quR0Gr">“The question that keeps popping up in my head is, ‘Who is going to take care of us?’” one woman told the Washington Post. “It just feels like such a deep loss at this particular time. It’s a lot to put on a woman of her age to keep us safe and functioning as a constitutional democracy.”</p>
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https://www.vox.com/2020/9/19/21446581/ruth-bader-ginsburg-death-supreme-court-photosLibby Nelson2020-05-31T00:54:43-04:002020-05-31T00:54:43-04:00Scenes from Saturday night’s protests across the country
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<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/TZP1bPlguwf97OnO1M8kCon2Nl4=/137x0:2804x2000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/66877022/AP_20152021237695.22.jpg" />
<figcaption>Police in riot gear stand in front of the White House on May 30. | Evan Vucci/AP</figcaption>
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<p>It was another night of nationwide protest over George Floyd’s death.</p> <p id="cTyCXO">Nationwide protests over police violence, after the death of George Floyd, continued to escalate Saturday night. At least 25 cities imposed curfews to try to keep protests, some of which became violent, off the streets. States called up their National Guards. In cities around the country, police fired rubber bullets and tear gas. Some protesters threw glass bottles, stones, and bricks.</p>
<p id="xOID17">Floyd died in Minneapolis on Monday after a police officer, who was charged with murder on Friday, pinned Floyd’s neck to the ground with his knee for nearly 9 minutes while Floyd pleaded for air. Across the country, Floyd’s death has become a symbol of police violence and inequality. And the protests are playing out against the backdrop of a <a href="https://www.vox.com/coronavirus-covid19">pandemic</a> that has disproportionately affected black Americans.</p>
<p id="LgGnwJ">Many protests started out peacefully. But as the night continued, violence erupted from both protesters and police — and in some cases, the police violence was unprovoked, according to reporters on the scene.</p>
<h3 id="c4i9O2">A police SUV drove into a crowd of protesters in Brooklyn</h3>
<p id="YJaZDU">Videos widely circulated on social media showed a New York Police Department SUV driving into a crowd of protesters. Mayor Bill de Blasio offered only mild condemnation, saying, “It is a troubling video, and I wish they hadn’t done that, but we have to be clear ... they were being surrounded by a violent crowd,” according to <a href="https://twitter.com/GloriaPazmino/status/1266933457613131783">Gloria Pazmino</a>, a reporter for NY1.</p>
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<p lang="en" dir="ltr">Here is the overhead... <a href="https://t.co/US6Qqhkz3O">pic.twitter.com/US6Qqhkz3O</a></p>— Rob Bennett @ (@rob_bennett) <a href="https://twitter.com/rob_bennett/status/1266895719455248385?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 31, 2020</a>
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<h3 id="acWGa0">Police fired tear gas, rubber bullets, and other projectiles</h3>
<p id="luo4DL">In Washington, DC, some protesters attempted to scale temporary security barricades set up in front of the White House. Police fired clouds of <a href="https://twitter.com/ellievhall/status/1266899223284535298">tear gas</a> and rubber bullets.</p>
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<p lang="en" dir="ltr">Back in the medic area, protesters are screaming, “it burns!” Volunteer medics are washing out wounds. Offering people milk and water mixed with antacids for their burning throat and eyes. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/DC?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#DC</a> <a href="https://t.co/Bx8Nc8S7Xg">pic.twitter.com/Bx8Nc8S7Xg</a></p>— Marissa J. Lang (@Marissa_Jae) <a href="https://twitter.com/Marissa_Jae/status/1266909539451973638?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 31, 2020</a>
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<p id="7yLrsC">Police also fired tear gas at protesters in Minneapolis — without provocation in at least one case, according to MSNBC’s Ali Velshi:</p>
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<p lang="en" dir="ltr">WATCH: <a href="https://twitter.com/AliVelshi?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@AliVelshi</a> reports from Minneapolis as police fire tear gas toward protesters: “There has been no provocation ... The police pulled into this intersection unprovoked.” <a href="https://t.co/OEUXdPg73O">pic.twitter.com/OEUXdPg73O</a></p>— MSNBC (@MSNBC) <a href="https://twitter.com/MSNBC/status/1266913892334174208?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 31, 2020</a>
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<p id="rmMZbt">In Denver, police fired tear gas as protesters threw fireworks, according to Denver Post reporter Saja Hindi:</p>
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<p lang="en" dir="ltr">Cops responding with A LOT of tear gas. <a href="https://t.co/GXYE0JfvHZ">pic.twitter.com/GXYE0JfvHZ</a></p>— Saja Hindi (@BySajaHindi) <a href="https://twitter.com/BySajaHindi/status/1266914123671093248?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 31, 2020</a>
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<p id="zhrl1E">In Cincinnati:</p>
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<p lang="en" dir="ltr">Police break up gathering at Clifton and McMillan. Using tear gas. <a href="https://t.co/bqBVdfE0R9">pic.twitter.com/bqBVdfE0R9</a></p>— Albert Cesare (@AlbertCesare) <a href="https://twitter.com/AlbertCesare/status/1266942660612415488?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 31, 2020</a>
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<p id="NBTwYI">In San Antonio:</p>
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<p lang="en" dir="ltr">Breaking — Another round of tear gas is being deployed on Alamo Street in San Antonio. <a href="https://t.co/yNziNHYnAS">pic.twitter.com/yNziNHYnAS</a></p>— Silvia Foster-Frau (@SilviaElenaFF) <a href="https://twitter.com/SilviaElenaFF/status/1266941425259819008?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 31, 2020</a>
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<p id="3EQ8QW">In Tampa, Florida:</p>
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<p lang="en" dir="ltr">For those still up and curious: The situation at University Mall doesn’t appear to be letting up anytime soon. The stream of cars and cops into its parking lot is near constant, as is the tear gas. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TampaProtest?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#TampaProtest</a> <a href="https://t.co/690ltQbTml">pic.twitter.com/690ltQbTml</a></p>— Josh Fiallo (@ByJoshFiallo) <a href="https://twitter.com/ByJoshFiallo/status/1266934290467696640?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 31, 2020</a>
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<p id="g7ISxw">In Los Angeles:</p>
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<p lang="en" dir="ltr">"We're getting hit by tear gas!" Live coverage from field reporters from <a href="https://twitter.com/ABC7?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@ABC7</a> in Los Angeles as protests rage through the luxury stores of Rodeo Drive.<br><br>LIVE UPATES: <a href="https://t.co/xJQvixJr2S">https://t.co/xJQvixJr2S</a> <a href="https://t.co/xw9ZO9yFYN">pic.twitter.com/xw9ZO9yFYN</a></p>— Good Morning America (@GMA) <a href="https://twitter.com/GMA/status/1266934049098121216?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 31, 2020</a>
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<p id="PedCfF">In Dallas:</p>
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<p lang="en" dir="ltr">Dallas cops let loose with tear gas on the kneeling protesters nearby the DART station on Elm St. after warning them they would make arrests if they don’t move out of the street. Protesters attempting to kick it back but this stuff sucks. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/DallasProtest?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#DallasProtest</a> <a href="https://t.co/t15dfUGFk2">pic.twitter.com/t15dfUGFk2</a></p>— Dom (@DomDiFurio) <a href="https://twitter.com/DomDiFurio/status/1266931172506042368?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 31, 2020</a>
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<p id="DhDFRp">The Geneva Convention bans tear gas in international warfare, although it’s explicitly allowed in domestic policing situations; in the short term, it causes painful symptoms, and “we don’t know much about the long-term effects, especially in civilian exposure,” a tear gas expert <a href="https://www.vox.com/2014/8/14/6001995/ferguson-missouri-tear-gas-painful">told Vox in 2014</a>.</p>
<h3 id="SbLB9B">Police arrested journalists in Minneapolis and New York</h3>
<p id="L6ZrhW">In Minneapolis, a photographer for local news organization WCCO was struck by a rubber bullet, forced onto the ground by police, and arrested, <a href="https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2020/05/30/wcco-photojournalist-tom-aviles-arrested-in-south-minneapolis/">according to the news outlet</a>. Police also fired tear gas at journalists who had identified themselves as media, according to LA Times reporter Molly Hennessy-Fiske:</p>
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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p lang="en" dir="ltr">Minnesota State Patrol just fired tear gas at reporters and photographers at point blank range. <a href="https://t.co/r7X6J7LKo8">pic.twitter.com/r7X6J7LKo8</a></p>— Molly Hennessy-Fiske (@mollyhf) <a href="https://twitter.com/mollyhf/status/1266911382613692422?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 31, 2020</a>
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<p id="nsrdlA">In Brooklyn, police arrested a Huffington Post reporter:</p>
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<p lang="en" dir="ltr">Confirmed that this is <a href="https://twitter.com/HuffPost?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@huffpost</a> reporter <a href="https://twitter.com/letsgomathias?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@letsgomathias</a> getting arrested — I didn’t catch when they first apprehended him but it was incredibly violent. His press badge is clearly visible. <a href="https://t.co/ob3FvEzkiK">pic.twitter.com/ob3FvEzkiK</a></p>— Phoebe Leila Barghouty (@PLBarghouty) <a href="https://twitter.com/PLBarghouty/status/1266927400425832453?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 31, 2020</a>
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<p id="wHdoDC">These aren’t the first arrests of journalists during the ongoing protests: CNN’s Omar Jimenez was <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/5/29/21274377/omar-jimenez-arrest-minneapolis">arrested on live TV</a> earlier in the week. </p>
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https://www.vox.com/2020/5/31/21275882/protests-george-floyd-minneapolis-washington-new-yorkLibby Nelson2020-01-03T09:40:04-05:002020-01-03T09:40:04-05:00US airstrike kills Iranian Gen. Qassem Soleimani: what we know
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<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/bCB5J6jfw2xTOEPe2PwHZRNhry8=/178x0:4370x3144/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/66015677/AP_20003060462384.7.jpg" />
<figcaption>Maj. Gen. Qassem Soleimani (center) attends a meeting in Tehran, Iran, on September 18, 2016. | Office of the Iranian Supreme Leader via AP</figcaption>
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<p>A major escalation in tensions between the US and Iran.</p> <p id="ZSX4jW">A US airstrike killed a top Iranian military official, along with at least four others, at the Baghdad airport early Friday morning, according to a Pentagon statement. The attack represents a major escalation of simmering hostilities between the US and Iran.</p>
<p id="uYMMK7">The death of Maj. <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/1/2/21047655/iran-us-strike-general-qassem-suleimani-pentagon-news">Gen. Qassem Soleimani</a>, who led Iranian covert operations and intelligence and was one of the country’s most revered military leaders, was reported by Iraqi state television early Friday morning local time, according to multiple US media sources, and confirmed in a statement from the Pentagon.</p>
<p id="wPSCVG">“General Soleimani was actively developing plans to attack American diplomats and service members in Iraq and throughout the region,” <a href="https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/2049534/statement-by-the-department-of-defense/">the Pentagon said in the statement</a>. “General Soleimani and his Quds Force were responsible for the deaths of hundreds of American and coalition service members and the wounding of thousands more.”</p>
<p id="r18N2E">The statement concluded: “This strike was aimed at deterring future Iranian attack plans,” but did not include any more evidence or details of those plans.</p>
<p id="riiA6m">US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo reiterated that the strike was <a href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2020/01/03/mike-pompeo-iran-qasem-soleimani-killed-newday-vpx.cnn">“defensive” and meant to counter an “imminent attack”</a> on CNN on Friday — but also declined to provide any corroborating information or details about which US forces or assets were being targeted in the region.</p>
<p id="Qyuhd6"><a href="https://twitter.com/EnglishFars/status/1213061080366419968?">Large</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Seamus_Malek/status/1213039666519166976">public displays of mourning</a> began in Iran Friday, and the country’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and president, Hassan Rouhani, <a href="https://twitter.com/HassanRouhani/status/1213009152093696005">vowed</a> “revenge.”</p>
<p id="km88Ns">“His departure to God does not end his path or his mission, but a forceful revenge awaits the criminals who have his blood and the blood of the other martyrs last night on their hands,” the supreme leader said in a statement.</p>
<aside id="juMlJZ"><div data-anthem-component="readmore" data-anthem-component-data='{"stories":[{"title":"Killing Iran’s Qassem Suleimani changes the game in the Middle East","url":"https://www.vox.com/2020/1/2/21047655/iran-us-strike-general-qassem-suleimani-pentagon-news"}]}'></div></aside><p id="0nF669">The attack comes after days of escalating tensions. An American contractor was killed near Kirkuk, Iraq, last week, and four military members were injured in an attack by Iranian-backed militia Kataib Hezbollah. A retaliatory strike by the US killed <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/us-airstrikes-on-iran-backed-militia-draw-condemnation-retaliation-threats-in-iraq/2019/12/30/d13a10be-2af0-11ea-bffe-020c88b3f120_story.html">25 members of the militia</a> and injured more than 50. Then, on New Year’s Eve on Tuesday, <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/iran-and-u-s-shift-to-open-confrontation-in-iraq-11577991681">militia members attacked the US Embassy in Baghdad</a>. </p>
<p id="7P0vSH">This is a developing story, and some details about the attack are still unknown. Here’s what we know and don’t know as the story unfolds. </p>
<h3 id="i6UJZq">What we know</h3>
<ul>
<li id="jrPpz8">Maj. Gen. Qassem Soleimani, the commander of Iran’s elite Quds Forces in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, was killed in a rocket attack at Baghdad International Airport, according to US military officials and Iraqi state television.</li>
<li id="jkVyp2">The attack also killed at least four other people, including the deputy head of the Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces, the overarching group for Iranian-backed militias in Iraq, according to the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/world/middleeast/qassem-soleimani-iraq-iran-attack.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage">New York Times</a>, citing Iraqi television and sources within the paramilitary groups. </li>
<li id="7tTlrQ">Iranian state TV <a href="https://apnews.com/ad99e858a16e31a089a9135aa4100851">reported</a> the other three members of the IRGC killed were a colonel, a major, and a captain.</li>
<li id="w6Em2P">Several other non-guard members were killed as well; five, according to Iranian state television, and at least two, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/baghdad-airport-strike-live-intl-hnk/h_f4d89b41ef9e19a716edc8047bf923df">according to CNN</a>.</li>
<li id="3Hn2td">The two cars were struck while leaving the airport, via MQ-9 Reaper drones, according to the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/world/middleeast/qassem-soleimani-iraq-iran-attack.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage">New York Times</a>.</li>
<li id="vwMpuP">The attack came after Defense Secretary Mark Esper warned that “the game has changed” and the US would consider preemptive strikes to avert attacks.</li>
<li id="hiMcfS">Mass demonstrations of mourning took place in Iran on Friday in response to the killing. The country’s president Rouhani and supreme leader Khamenei both vowed revenge for what the foreign minister, Mohammad Javad Zarif, <a href="https://twitter.com/JZarif/status/1212946202280579073?">called</a> the US’s “act of international terrorism,” and the United Nations expert on extra-judicial executions said was <a href="https://twitter.com/AgnesCallamard/status/1212910555809361920">“most likely unlawful.”</a>
</li>
<li id="u8gaGb">President Donald Trump, whom the Pentagon says ordered the strike, <a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1213096351296299017?s=20">trumpeted it on Twitter</a> on Friday, saying Soleimani “<a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1213096352072294401">should have been taken out many years ago!”</a>
</li>
<li id="wTkxyx">The State Department encouraged Americans in Iraq to leave the country “immediately,” <a href="https://twitter.com/TravelGov/status/1213011491777060864?">in a statement on Twitter,</a> and suspended consular operations.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="jtfPM2">What we don’t know</h3>
<ul>
<li id="wzuAHD">What, if any, Iranian attacks on US forces or interests were planned </li>
<li id="neK0B6">
<a href="https://apnews.com/ad99e858a16e31a089a9135aa4100851">How many people</a> in total were killed and their identities</li>
<li id="cViemu">Whether Iran will respond militarily</li>
</ul>
https://www.vox.com/2020/1/2/21047588/qasem-soleimani-airstrike-iraq-killedLibby NelsonCaroline Houck2019-12-18T20:51:54-05:002019-12-18T20:51:54-05:00The 4 Democrats who defected from their party on impeachment
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<figcaption>CQ-Roll Call, Inc via Getty Imag</figcaption>
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<p>Tulsi Gabbard voted “present.”</p> <p id="cNr902">Three Democrats voted against the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/11/5/20914280/impeachment-trump-explained">impeachment of President Trump</a> in the House of Representatives on Wednesday night, and one voted “present.”</p>
<p id="DP9W2V">One of the Democrats who voted no has already said he would leave the party. </p>
<p id="1ZvwRT">The three voting (at least partially) against impeachment: <a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/12/14/21022160/jeff-van-drew-impeachment-democrat-republican-trump"><strong>Rep. Jeff Van Drew of New Jersey</strong></a>, who has already said he will switch parties to become a Republican, longtime Minnesota Rep. Collin Peterson, and Rep. Jared Golden of Maine, who voted in favor of the first article of impeachment (abuse of power) but not the second (obstruction of Congress).</p>
<p id="W1Gkfe">Van Drew and Golden are both in their first term. Van Drew, who represents a conservative district in southern New Jersey, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/12/14/21022160/jeff-van-drew-impeachment-democrat-republican-trump">announced over the weekend</a> that he would switch parties, although his vote was still counted with Democrats’ on Wednesday night. </p>
<p id="yexu7L">Golden represents a district in Maine that was a Democratic stronghold for 20 years but elected Trump by 10 points in 2016. Fewer people voted for Golden than his Republican opponent in 2018, but he won his seat in the midterms under <a href="https://www.npr.org/2018/11/15/668296045/ranked-choice-voting-delivers-another-victory-to-house-democrats">ranked-choice voting</a> because he was the second choice for voters who picked third-party candidates.</p>
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<p id="izE0YT">Peterson might not seem like an endangered Democrat: He’s in his 15th term in Congress, representing a western Minnesota district. But Trump dominated in his district in 2016, and Peterson has held onto his seat in part because he’s bucked the Democratic Party in the past. He’s been a longtime impeachment skeptic, voting against the impeachment resolution in October.</p>
<p id="4NG633">Rep. Tulsi Gabbard, a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination, also did not vote in favor of impeachment: She voted “present.” Gabbard has called for <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/rep-tulsi-gabbard-calls-president-trumps-censure/story?id=67782104">censure</a> instead.</p>
<p id="yNtjy8">“I came to the conclusion that I could not in good conscience vote yes or no,” she said in a <a href="https://twitter.com/timkmak/status/1207478132225269767?s=20">statement</a> after the vote, calling impeachment “a partisan process, fueled by tribal animosities that have so gravely divided our country.”</p>
<p id="4OCMWc">But for the most part, the House Democratic caucus displayed a significant amount of unity — as Vox’s Ella Nilsen and Li Zhou explained earlier this week:</p>
<blockquote>
<p id="FfJsY2">Almost all other moderate first-term <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/10/15/20916032/2020-democrats-impeachment-inquiry-donald-trump"><strong>Democrats have clearly come out for the articles of impeachment</strong></a>, even though some are well aware it could cost them their seat come November 2020.</p>
<p id="bY7q05">“I know this might cost me my job, and that’s exactly why I did it,” Rep. Dean Phillips (D-MN) told Vox Tuesday. “I never imagined three years ago I’d be in this position, for gosh sakes. I can rest comfortably, and I’m not sure that can be said for all 433 members of this body right now.”</p>
<p id="dD9Go9">To be sure, making the tough choice to impeach Trump — even if it is a principled stance — also helps these Democrats avoid Van Drew’s fate: having their base abandon them or facing a tough primary before a difficult general election.</p>
<p id="uas6k5">“He didn’t go into this thinking his vote on impeachment would cost him the support of his party. ... That turned out to be wrong,” said Cook Political Report House editor Dave Wasserman. “Other Democrats in similar districts are well aware a vote against impeachment could cost them more allies than could win them new friends.”</p>
<p id="mVE8pq">At this point, impeachment is a “no-win situation” for Democrats in Trump districts, Wasserman told Vox.</p>
<p id="Sp1Pp5">“They have no choice at this point but to hold hands and jump.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p id="QiydVE"></p>
https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/12/18/21029196/impeachment-vote-democrats-no-defectedLibby Nelson2019-06-21T14:30:05-04:002019-06-21T14:30:05-04:00E. Jean Carroll joins at least 21 other women in publicly accusing Trump of sexual assault or misconduct
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<img alt="President Donald Trump And First Lady Melania Return To White House From European Trip" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/c82Kb0IsWB-wH1VhHv3ZZeoKioQ=/42x0:1462x1065/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/64060319/1154474373.jpg.0.jpg" />
<figcaption>President Donald Trump shouts to reporters while returning to the White House June 7, 2019 in Washington, DC. | Win McNamee/Getty Images</figcaption>
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<p>The accusations range from rape to unwanted kissing and groping. </p> <p id="kEGMas">On Friday afternoon, New York magazine published an excerpt from a memoir written by E. Jean Carroll in which the noted columnist <a href="https://www.thecut.com/2019/06/donald-trump-assault-e-jean-carroll-other-hideous-men.html">describes being raped</a> by Donald Trump in a department store dressing room in the 1990s. Carroll is at least the 22nd woman to step forward on the record with an account of an unwanted sexual advance or other encounter with Trump. </p>
<p id="OlVNPM">Carroll explains in the excerpt that she didn’t come forward sooner out of fear that she’d be attacked, threatened, and smeared by Trump and his supporters. Trump has denied the accounts of all of the other women. A White House official told New York that the accusation is “<a href="http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/06/president-donald-trump-faces-new-rape-accusation.html?utm_medium=s1&utm_source=tw&utm_campaign=nym&__twitter_impression=true&__twitter_impression=true&__twitter_impression=true">completely false</a>.”<strong> </strong></p>
<p id="lilJpj">The accusations include rape, a threat of rape, unwanted groping, being kissed without consent, and being walked in on naked. Here are the accusations made by women who have come forward publicly under their own names.</p>
<p id="EqIeGw"><strong>1) E. Jean Carroll</strong></p>
<p id="VK72n7">The noted columnist describes being violently assaulted by Donald Trump in a department store dressing room in the 1990s in a new memoir. <a href="https://www.thecut.com/2019/06/donald-trump-assault-e-jean-carroll-other-hideous-men.html">(New York magazine)</a></p>
<p id="yytbd6"><strong>2) Jill Harth</strong></p>
<p id="d92edc">Harth, a makeup artist, met Trump while making a beauty pageant business deal, and says he repeatedly kissed and groped her, including in a bedroom at Mar-a-Lago. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jul/20/donald-trump-sexual-assault-allegations-jill-harth-interview"><strong>(The Guardian)</strong></a></p>
<p id="sRwUcp"><strong>3) Ivana Trump</strong></p>
<p id="S7kAhR">Although Trump’s ex-wife now says her story was “without merit,” in a divorce deposition in 1992, Ivana Trump described a violent sexual assault by her then-husband. <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/07/27/ex-wife-donald-trump-made-feel-violated-during-sex.html"><strong>(The Daily Beast)</strong></a></p>
<p id="paLHQD"><strong>4) Kristin Anderson</strong></p>
<p id="QdReEd">Trump reached up her skirt at a nightclub without even having been introduced to her and touched her vagina through her underwear, Anderson, a former model, said. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/woman-says-trump-reached-under-her-skirt-and-groped-her-in-early-1990s/2016/10/14/67e8ff5e-917d-11e6-a6a3-d50061aa9fae_story.html"><strong>(Washington Post)</strong></a></p>
<p id="odcQj5"><strong>5) Lisa Boyne</strong></p>
<p id="XwPyMv">At a dinner, Trump looked up women’s skirts and commented on their underwear and genitalia, according to Boyne, a health food entrepreneur. (A friend Boyne says she told at the time did not confirm her story.) <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/donald-trump-models-skirts-underwear_us_57ffd172e4b0162c043ac07f?a8zlrf6r"><strong>(Huffington Post)</strong></a></p>
<p id="SdZ2jM"><strong>6) Temple Taggart</strong></p>
<p id="zLbOyd">In 1997, when Taggart was 21 and Miss Utah, Trump introduced himself to her by kissing her directly on the lips — something she thought was “gross,” she said. <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/15/us/politics/donald-trump-women.html?ref=politics&_r=0"><strong>(New York Times)</strong></a></p>
<p id="lQOS5v"><strong>7) Mariah Billado</strong></p>
<p id="WjJPia">Trump walked into the dressing room while teenage beauty pageant contestants — ages 15 to 19 — were changing, Billado, who was Miss Vermont Teen USA 1997, and three anonymous contestants said. <a href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/kendalltaggart/teen-beauty-queens-say-trump-walked-in-on-them-changing?utm_term=.ncdxjQ5xD7#.fbQxYoNxkl"><strong>(BuzzFeed)</strong></a></p>
<p id="RXS4yh"><strong>8) Cathy Heller</strong></p>
<p id="pcQncR">Heller was sitting with her family at a Mother’s Day brunch at Mar-a-Lago. She says when Trump came around to introduce himself, he grabbed her and tried to kiss her on the lips twice. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/oct/15/donald-trump-sexual-misconduct-allegations-cathy-heller"><strong>(Guardian)</strong></a></p>
<p id="NENxQY"><strong>9) Karena Virginia</strong></p>
<p id="SEvGYo">Virginia, a yoga instructor and life coach, was waiting for a car service outside the US Open in 1998 when Trump said “Look at those legs” to the men he was with, then grabbed her arm and touched the inside of her breast, she said. <a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/karena-virginia-becomes-tenth-woman-accuse-trump-sexual-misconduct-n670146"><strong>(NBC)</strong></a></p>
<p id="VAuk0W"><strong>10) Bridget Sullivan</strong></p>
<p id="YKs0wt">Sullivan, Miss New Hampshire 2000, says Trump walked through the dressing rooms of pageant contestants when they were naked in 2000. <a href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/jessicagarrison/heres-what-former-beauty-queens-think-of-donald-trump?utm_term=.jcNYoZGYrm#.lyqXodVXrq"><strong>(BuzzFeed)</strong></a></p>
<p id="5J1IEt"><strong>11) Tasha Dixon</strong></p>
<p id="LCLSPF">When the Miss USA 2001 contestants were changing into bikinis, Trump “just came strolling right on in,” said Dixon, Miss Arizona 2001, who was 18 at the time. <a href="http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2016/10/11/former-beauty-queen-she-other-contestants-were-forced-to-greet-trump-even-when-not-fully-dressed/"><strong>(CBS Los Angeles)</strong></a></p>
<p id="0RVt92"><strong>12) Natasha Stoynoff</strong></p>
<p id="CrCsjq">When Stoynoff, a former People magazine reporter who covered Trump in the early 2000s, was at Mar-a-Lago to report a feature on Trump’s first anniversary with his wife Melania in 2005, Trump pushed her against a wall, kissed her, stuck his tongue into her mouth, and said, “We’re going to have an affair,” she said. <a href="http://people.com/politics/donald-trump-attacked-people-writer/"><strong>(People)</strong></a></p>
<p id="0vRITr"><strong>13) Rachel Crooks</strong></p>
<p id="iEyfRM">When Crooks, former receptionist who worked in Trump Tower in 2005, introduced herself to Trump when she was 22, he kissed her on the cheek and then on the lips, she said. A few days later, he asked for her number to, he said, give to a modeling agency. <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/13/us/politics/donald-trump-women.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=first-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news"><strong>(New York Times)</strong></a></p>
<p id="TzClRg"><strong>14) Mindy McGillivray</strong></p>
<p id="1dNEdg">When she was 23, McGillivray helped a photographer friend with an event at Mar-a-Lago. Near the end of the evening, she said, Donald Trump groped her behind. <a href="http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/palm-beach-post-exclusive-local-woman-says-trump-groped-her/w5ii48gwdJY9htsLl88GcP/?ecmp=pbp_social_twitter_2015_sfp"><strong>(Palm Beach Post)</strong></a></p>
<p id="OCotwI"><strong>15) Jennifer Murphy</strong></p>
<p id="fTx5bM">Murphy, a contestant on <em>The Apprentice, </em>met with Trump for a job interview after she was fired from The Apprentice, and he kissed her on the lips while walking her to the elevator afterward, she said. <a href="http://lifestyle.one/grazia/celebrity/news/donald-trump-jennifer-murphy-apprentice-contestant/"><strong>(Grazia)</strong></a></p>
<p id="q6gknS"><strong>16</strong>) <strong>Jessica Drake</strong></p>
<p id="hXAryW">Drake an adult film star, met Trump at a golf tournament at Lake Taho in 2006, she said at a press conference with Gloria Allred in 2016. He hugged her tightly and kissed her on the lips, later invited her to his suite, and either he or someone representing him offered $10,000 for Drake to have sex with him, she said.</p>
<p id="Q0jb6r"><strong>17) Ninni Laaksonen</strong></p>
<p id="i8UoAX">Laaksonen, the former Miss Finland, says Trump groped her behind in 2006 before she appeared on a television show in New York with other Miss Universe contestants. “He really grabbed my butt,” she said. <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/27/former-miss-finland-becomes-12th-woman-to-accuse-trump-of-sexual/"><strong>(Ilta-Sanomat newspaper)</strong></a></p>
<p id="DL3SCH"><strong>18) Summer Zervos</strong></p>
<p id="Vn0BGl">Zervos, a former <em>Apprentice</em> contestant, said in a press conference with attorney Gloria Allred that Trump kissed her on the lips when she visited his office in New York, invited her to dinner, but instead took her to a hotel bungalow, groped her and tried to have sex with her. Zervos has a pending lawsuit against Trump. </p>
<p id="HMWzJ6"><strong>19) Cassandra Searles</strong></p>
<p id="QpnNC9">In a Facebook comment, Searles, Miss Washington 2013, said that Trump “grabbed my ass” and repeatedly invited her up to his hotel room. <a href="https://www.yahoo.com/style/donald-trump-reportedly-treated-miss-000000927.html"><strong>(Yahoo News)</strong></a></p>
<p id="7f1zfw"><strong>20) Alva Johnson</strong></p>
<p id="0ZGEa9">Johnson, an event planner and staffer on Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign, accused the president of kissing her without her consent before a rally in Florida. A federal judge <a href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/06/trump-kissing-lawsuit-dismissed-alva-johnson">dismissed her lawsuit</a>. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/former-campaign-staffer-alleges-in-lawsuit-that-trump-kissed-her-without-her-consent-the-white-house-denies-the-charge/2019/02/25/fe1869a4-3498-11e9-946a-115a5932c45b_story.html?utm_term=.2aa34fd22cbd">(Washington Post)</a></p>
<p id="ok4oMZ"><strong>21) Juliet Huddy</strong></p>
<p id="BlWV75">Huddy, a former Fox News anchor, says Trump tried to kiss her on the lips in 2006 and later accused Huddy of making a move on him. “At the time I was not offended by it,” Huddy said on the radio show <a href="http://www.compoundmedia.com/shows/mornin-w-bill-schulz-039/5a2957d7df86e314d90048c2/"><em>Mornin’ w/ Bill Schulz</em></a><em>. </em><a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/fox-news-anchor-says-trump-once-tried-kiss-her-1065968">(Hollywood Reporter)</a></p>
<p id="Y1za8t"><strong>22) Jessica Leeds</strong></p>
<p id="RwbDWi">When she got an upgrade to first class on a business flight, Leeds, who is in business, sat next to Donald Trump, who grabbed her breasts and tried to reach up her skirt — “like an octopus,” she recalled. <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/13/us/politics/donald-trump-women.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=first-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news"><strong>(New York Times)</strong></a></p>
<p id="7koZWs"></p>
https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/21/18701098/trump-accusers-sexual-assault-rape-e-jean-carrollLibby NelsonLaura McGann2019-05-28T19:40:00-04:002019-05-28T19:40:00-04:00Joe Biden’s plan to triple spending on low-income schools, explained
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<img alt="Joe Biden Holds Official Presidential Campaign Kickoff Rally In Philadelphia" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/-3SWA6mf-MUMRlMofG1gSgs_55w=/193x0:3285x2319/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/63910865/1144734172.jpg.0.jpg" />
<figcaption>Biden speaks at his campaign kickoff rally on May 18. He announced his education plan to an audience of teachers on May 28. | Drew Angerer/Getty Images</figcaption>
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<p>Biden’s education plan suggests he’s breaking with Obama’s legacy.</p> <p id="IK8Rw4">Former Vice President Joe Biden just<strong> </strong>announced his first detailed policy proposal of the 2020 campaign: an education plan that calls for a big increase in federal spending on schools and districts serving low-income kids.</p>
<p id="ydCU2N">The plan, which Biden announced ahead of a forum with the American Federation of Teachers in Houston on Tuesday, would give teachers a raise (an idea previously proposed by <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/26/18280734/kamala-harris-2020-election-policies-teachers-salaries">Kamala Harris</a>). It calls for universal prekindergarten and for the Education Department to renew its work on desegregation.</p>
<p id="tdpuqE">Biden’s plan mostly sticks to ideas with a long history of support in the Democratic Party and sidesteps intraparty controversies, such as the debate about the <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/5/18/18630435/bernie-sanders-charter-schools-2020-presidential-candidates-policies">role of charter schools</a>. </p>
<p id="87SIpc">Still, the plan is notable for what it leaves out, and the implicit break with Barack Obama that the omissions represent. The Obama administration believed that school and teacher quality could be measured by standardized tests, and that states needed to do whatever they could to hold schools and teachers accountable for both test results and students’ growth — even if doing so alienated teachers, who are typically Democratic allies.</p>
<p id="vh256l">Biden’s plan suggests he, like other 2020 candidates, would take a much more conciliatory approach. The federal government’s role, as Biden sees it, isn’t to push states to hold schools accountable. It’s to be a partner to schools and teachers — and<strong> </strong>key to that partnership would be<strong> </strong>a big influx of new cash to even out inequalities.</p>
<h3 id="UNreRI">Biden’s education plan, explained</h3>
<p id="LvNzuz">The heart of Biden’s plan is a call to triple the money the federal government sends to low-income schools and districts from about $16 billion per year to about $48 billion. </p>
<p id="Mz62AM">Biden’s plan draws clear lines on how that money should be used: Teachers should get a raise, 3- and 4-year-olds should get access to pre-K, and rigorous coursework (such as Advanced Placement classes) should be available at all schools. Any money left over after those priorities are taken care of, according to the plan, could be used to meet other needs.</p>
<p id="f1pKN3">His plan also calls for more mental health care in schools and expanding resources for families, including home visiting by nurses for parents of newborns and the creation of “community schools” in low-income areas that offer social services, doctors, and other help. After facing criticism over his remarks on desegregation and busing in the 1970s, Biden now calls for the Education Department to create grants to help schools diversify. And he includes proposals on gun control and infrastructure spending that he argues would help make schools safer.</p>
<p id="JDVw2C">But the biggest idea in his plan is the increased federal spending on low-income schools.</p>
<p id="VKrsAv">The federal funds are known as the <a href="https://www2.ed.gov/programs/titleiparta/index.html">Title I program</a>, which gets its name from the section of federal education law that created it. The program is meant to help even out inequalities in school funding: Schools are mostly funded by state and local governments, including by property taxes. Typically, that’s meant states spend less on low-income kids’ education than on their richer peers, even though low-income kids often have greater needs that make them more expensive to educate. </p>
<p id="LlCPUJ">Lawsuits and federal funding have helped even the playing field, but not much more than that: A 2017 <a href="https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/90586/school_funding_brief.pdf">Urban Institute study</a> found that only a few states have progressive school funding systems that spend significantly more educating poor students than richer ones.</p>
<p id="FoZInz">Research has found that more spending does make a difference, particularly for low-income students. A 2015 <a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w25368">paper</a> looked at the long-term effect of court decisions that forced states to spend more on low-income districts and found that a 10 percent spending increase each year from kindergarten through 12th grade led students to complete a few more months of school, to earn 7.25 percent more, and to be less likely to be poor. </p>
<p id="PNeDgW">How the money is spent matters, the researchers found, but improving teacher salaries was one of the ways that more funding seemed to make a difference.</p>
<h3 id="FQMeH0">Biden’s plan is a direct message to teachers: I’m on your side</h3>
<p id="1Oa7By">The federal government has little control over K-12 education, which is mostly run at the state and local level. But the Obama administration did all it could to change how states approach the issue, using both carrots (money) and sticks (the threat of consequences under No Child Left Behind) to push them to evaluate teachers based on students’ test scores, to adopt the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2014/10/7/18088680/common-core">Common Core</a> standards in reading and math, and to make it easier for charter schools to open. </p>
<p id="OmbRMn">The hope was that better teachers and higher standards would lead to better education — students would learn more, be better prepared for college and work, and, ultimately, earn more money and boost the US economy. </p>
<p id="5LcA9R">This approach meant putting a lot of faith in test scores’ ability to measure students’ learning and growth. Teachers loathed it (and parents who were sick of testing eventually soured on it), and unions and the Obama administration were frequently at odds.</p>
<p id="o48qJV">Now, amid a wide-open primary, teachers unions and Democrats are getting friendly again.</p>
<p id="Z24RV6">That’s partly because <a href="https://www.vox.com/2015/7/15/8970605/every-child-achieves-act-no-child-left-behind">the education compromise Congress passed in 2015</a> largely took the more contentious issues of testing and accountability off the table at the federal level, sending the issue back to the states. </p>
<p id="013ws9">But it’s also because, with 24 Democrats running for president and nearly 5 million unionized teachers energized by a year of strikes and action, endorsements from the two major teachers unions could be key in the Democratic primary.</p>
<p id="DCfxlw">Biden’s appeal to teachers goes beyond his calls for a general pay increase and extra money for performing additional duties, like mentoring or leading a department. By emphasizing all the factors that affect students outside the classroom — things like mental illness, gun violence, and inequalities that date back to infancy — he’s acknowledging an argument that teachers have long made: that they’re expected to deal with issues far beyond their control with inadequate support.</p>
<p id="xYJMAa">“You’re expected to be a social worker,” Biden told teachers on Tuesday. “You’re expected to be a counselor. ... You’re expected to be the person who is the person of last resort.”</p>
<p id="SNq8iO">Biden’s approach to his first big policy proposal suggests he isn’t out to stoke old divisions or propose bold new ideas. But it also suggests that in at least one policy area, Biden isn’t going to be Obama’s natural heir. </p>
https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/5/28/18643078/biden-education-teachers-planLibby Nelson